LISTING OF PAST NATURAL HAZARDS
OCCURRENCES AND DISASTERS

April 2001 Flooding (FEMA-1375-SD) -- This Presidential declared disaster was precipitated by an on-set of flooding problems that began during a spring thaw in early March 2001. In addition to the initial flooding, a second similar weather system produced more heavy rains in the Aberdeen, Huron, Watertown, and Brookings area on April 11, 2001. Finally, a third major system passed through South Dakota on April 21-22, 2001, leaving up to twenty-two inches of heavy snow in the Black Hills, located in the western part of the state, while the eastern portion of the state received from 4 to 8 inches.

The major impact of this disaster was to public infrastructure. The impact to individuals was not significant, therefore the disaster was declared for Public Assistance and all the counties in South Dakota are eligible to apply for the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program.

This disaster also heavily impacted South Dakota’s agricultural and livestock community. Due to ice and wind damage to utility poles and lines, electrical services to some areas were interrupted. Numerous bridges and roads were impacted as well.

Aug/Sept 2000 Fire (FEMA 2319-FSA-SD and FEMA 2324-FSA-SD) -- The Flagpole Mountain fire complex started on August 11, 2001, and lasted 4-5 days. The wildfire was actually three different starts, the Flagpole Mountain, Green Canyon and Chilson II fires in the southern hills area. Cause of the fires was attributed to lightning. The affected area is in Fall River County in southwestern South Dakota. The fires threatened a total of 6 to 7 small subdivisions in Sheps Canyon. The approximately 100 homes within the subdivisions were threatened with 30 of these structures imminently threatened. There was only one access road to the area. As such, voluntary evacuation was in effect.

The wildfire started on U.S. Forest Service (USFS) land and remained on USFS land for approximately a day and a half. The Flagpole Mountain fire burned in ponderosa pine, the Green Canyon fire burned in grass, scrub, and juniper. Initially, the fire burned to the south, but the wind changed direction and began to blow from the southeast, moving the fire to the north and west. The fire-line was less than 1/4 mile from development and threatened the homes in the subdivisions. The terrain where these fires were burning was extremely rocky and steep, making access and fire-fighting difficult.

The Jasper Fire was located in Custer County in the Southwest Black Hills. It was the largest fire to occur in the Black Hills in at least a century. The fire started at about 2:30 pm on August 24, 2000, and was contained on September 8, 2000. The cause of the fire was arson. The weather was very hot and dry, vegetation moisture was at record low levels and atmospheric conditions were very unstable. The conditions caused extreme fire behavior and the fire spread rapidly. Almost immediately after ignition, the fire spread into the tops of the trees and blowing embers began causing spot fires ahead of the main fire. The fire created its own weather pattern as it burned. Lightening from the storm created by the fire was a big concern. The fire completely blackened some areas, leaving scorched, dead trees and ash-covered ground in its wake. Other areas experienced only a light ground burn. Large areas within the fire perimeter remain green, either lightly burned or completely undamaged. The fire blocked highways. The fire threatened two towns, Hill City (Population 650) and Custer (Population 1740). The towns were considered for evacuation, but did not have to be evacuated. Fire-fighting personnel evacuated houses within three miles of the fire. The fire threatened more than 100 houses in the unincorporated community of Pass Creek. It also burned acreage at the Jewel Cave National Monument.

April 2000 Flooding (FEMA-1330-SD) -- From April 19-20, a severe spring storm consisting of rain, heavy snow, and very high winds struck seven western counties of South Dakota. The storm’s greatest impact was on the electrical power system. The power providers indicate that over 1,500 power poles were damaged or destroyed. Eligible damage to public infrastructure is estimated to be approximately $2,500,00. A presidential Major Disaster Declaration for Custer, Fall River, Pennington, Shannon and Jackson Counties was signed on May 19, 2000.
June 1999 Tornado (FEMA-1280-SD) -- A series of tornadoes and flooding was concentrated on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in Shannon County. The Reservation was declared for FEMA’s Individual Assistance, Public Assistance and Hazard Mitigation programs on June 9, 1999. The community of Oglala was heavily impacted by the tornadoes along with other smaller communities spread throughout the Reservation in Shannon County. Many homes were destroyed by the event along with a varying degree of public infrastructure damage.
May/June
1998
Tornado (FEMA-1218-SD) -- By late afternoon of May 30, 1998, the atmosphere over the north central United States had become favorable to a significant outbreak of severe weather. An air mass stationed over southeastern South Dakota had become very unstable, while a dry line/cold front combination was advancing slowly to the east/southeast into the unstable air mass. At jet stream level, a well-defined wind maximum was approaching the dry line/cold front intersection. All of these factors combined to produce towering cumulus clouds near the Missouri River by 4:30 pm (CDT).

At approximately 8:40 pm, following a series of thunderstorm warnings and numerous funnel sightings in the area, a violent tornado struck the town of Spencer, South Dakota, which lies approximately 45 miles west-northwest of Sioux Falls in extreme western McCook County. The tornado, rated F4 on the Fujita Tornado Intensity Scale, killed 6 people, injured more than one-third of the town’s 320 residents, and destroyed most of the town’s 190 buildings, including all public and numerous private facilities. An assisted living center was also destroyed. The center had no basement, which offered no protection from the tornado. In fact, most of the 6 fatalities were residents of the center. Only 12 structures were left standing in the entire town of Spencer.

During the storm, electrical service was out. Survivors reported that the warning siren system lost power prior to the touchdown of the tornado.

In addition to the town of Spencer, some farms in Hanson and McCook Counties were heavily damaged. Total damage was estimated at $18 million. On June 1, 1998, the President declared disasters in McCook and Hanson Counties as a result of the tornadoes.

On June 3, 1998, this disaster declaration was expanded to include Day, Clark, Marshall, and Spink Counties in northeastern South Dakota. Severe storms had struck that portion of the state beginning on April 25, 1998, and had resulted in damage and more flooding.

Feb/May 1997 Flood - (FEMA-1173-DR-SD / All counties declared disaster areas.) The first significant winter storm hit eastern part of the state in mid November, dumping up to 10 inches of snow across the northeast and producing a major ice storm with widespread damage across the southeast. Major winter storms were fairly frequent throughout January with blizzard conditions occurring several times, especially across the northeast. From mid November to mid February, the general weather across the eastern part of the state could be described as cold and wet with below normal temperatures (in excess of 30 degrees below zero) and record setting above normal snowfall. The persistent cold greatly limited snowmelt between storms allowing the snow to pile up to 48 inches across much of the northeastern portions of the state. Mid February snow depths elsewhere across eastern portions ranged from 10 to 24 inches. The National Weather Service (NWS) snow water equivalent measurements of February 12th ranged from approximately 2 inches near the Missouri River to over 6 inches in Marshall County. Snow water equivalent values from 4 to 5 ½ inches were common over the central and northern portions of the James and Big Sioux River basins. Seasonably cool and relatively dry weather prevailed across the eastern parts from mid February to early April. An early April blizzard added to the remaining snow pack, which gradually melted south to north by the end of April. Heavy rain and snowstorms in April, compounded by severe winter blizzards and existing saturated soil conditions, resulted in persistent flooding throughout the state. Many people were evacuated form their homes and farms, while others had limited or no access or escape. Heavy snowmelt and pounding rains turned prairie potholes into lakes, pushed people from their homes, and prevented farmers from planting thousands of acres of land. Due to the saturated conditions, many people experienced lengthy delays, or not being able to return to their homes, farms, or businesses. The James River Water Development District estimated that five years of flooding have destroyed or severely damaged approximately 75 percent of the forested areas in the James River valley. Riverine flooding destroyed or damaged many homes and businesses, impacted water and sewage treatment plants, and damaged or destroyed many roads and bridges. This flood caused a minimum of $51,249,493 in damages. Two people died.
Jan 1997 Snow Storm - (FEMA-1156-DR-SD / All counties declared disaster areas.) {Also see event description for 1173 below.} Twice in a 7-day period in early January, cold Arctic air swept down and "froze" the state. The governor closed the Interstates for public safety. More than 36,000 head of cattle perished. Roads were blocked or covered by 20-foot drifts of snow. Fifteen days after the storm ended, some roads were still blocked by snow. The Day County highway superintendent reported 20- and 40-foot vertical drifts blocking the highway. Livestock losses, damaged buildings, and feed shortages occurred in an area called "red zone." This is an area of 4,722 cattle operations, 1,200 sheep operations, 1,000 hog farms, and 515 dairies along the northern third of the state west to east. This storm caused a minimum of $29,527,562 in damages/cleanup efforts. Three people died while trapped in vehicles along the highways.
1997 Wildfire -- 69 fires burning 1,353.65 acres.
Nov 13-26, 1996 Ice Storm - (FEMA-1161-DR-SD) A slow moving winter storm with severe snow and freezing rain entrenched itself over much of the state. The effects of the storm were felt primarily in the Black Hills and southeastern portions of the state. The storm was a combination of a strong system of cold air hovering close to the ground with a system of warm air above. This combination made for rain, fog, and snow which quickly turned to damaging ice. The snow and ice formed and amassed on roadways, trees, electric transmission lines, and power poles. Some power lines were swollen by ice to five inches in diameter. The excessive weight and severe wind conditions snapped lines and flattened poles. Thousands of pole braces, crossarms, and anchors at scattered locations also cracked under the heavy stress. Six rural electric cooperatives (REC), affecting approximately 10,700 REC customers, experienced serious outages due to the loss of poles, braces, lines, crossarms, anchors, and substation failures. Customers were without power in subfreezing temperatures for continuous periods ranging from several hours to several days. The force of the storm caused major delays on Interstates 90 and 29. Portions of state and county highways and roads were closed for an extended period of time due to heavy ice and snow accumulation and extremely poor visibility.
Feb 6, 1996 Earthquake -- 9:10am (CST) -- Intensity V -- 24 miles SSW of Yankton (3.6 Richter) Felt by many people. The quake caused Gavins Point dam personnel to conduct dam safety checks.

Earthquake -- 9:08am (MST) -- Intensity V -- NW of Mt. Rushmore (3.7 Richter) Felt by many people who noticed typical earthquake ground movement.

Both of the above quakes were centered about 5Km below the surface. Neither quake can be definitely associated with any mapped fault, but both are near known or postulated faults. The Black Hills, being a structural dome, is full of faults and joints dating to the uplift some 50 million years ago. Very little strain now accumulates along them, so only small, rare earthquakes have occurred in the region during historic times. Work by several geologists during the last decade or so have shown that much of the region has widely spaced joints and faults breaking the earth's crust into blocks, each township size in area. The good news is that there is very little strain to release as earthquakes in South Dakota. In the south central part of the state, the SD Geologic Survey have mapped some of these blocks and have identified individual block-bounding faults that have moved 40 feet or more vertically and a few hundred s of feet horizontally in very small increments during the last 50 million years. The Nebraska quake is probably just a little jostling between the blocks; small adjustments which occur occasionally in the region.

Oct 22, 1995 Winter Ice Storm -- (FEMA-1075-DR-SD) Effects of this storm were felt first in the Black Hills with portions of the Hills receiving up to 22 inches of snow. As the storm moved across South Dakota, ice and 5 to 15 inches of wet snow formed on trees and electric lines and poles. Winds associated with the storm caused lines to slap together and poles to fail producing widespread power outages to large portions of rural South Dakota. Tree damage also resulted in significant damage to electrical utilities. Damage includes broken poles, broken wires and substation failures due to transmission line damage. Thirteen (13) rural electric cooperatives have reported damage from this storm.

This storm also forced major transportation delays as portions of Interstate 90 and Interstate 29 had to be closed because of the snow accumulation on the roadway and poor visibility. One of these interstate closings caused Davison and Codington Counties to initiate their sheltering plan for travelers who could not find rooms at local motels. The storm also caused numerous cancellations and delays in school openings because of travel conditions or the lack of power. Interstate traffic was restored by early Tuesday, October 24.

The power outages also lead to several rural water system pumping stations to go off-line causing a loss of water utilities to members of rural water systems. The National Guard has been utilized to provide generators to power these pumping stations; therefore restoring water service.

Crews from electric cooperatives in South and North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska assisted local cooperatives with line repairs. In addition to the full resources of the local cooperatives affected, out of state co-operatives sent an additional 207 linemen, 49 digger trucks, 46 bucket trucks, 18 service trucks, and 31 pole trailers with fresh poles which were utilized in the repair effort.

Jul 3, 1995 Earthquake -- Intensity III --- SW of Ft. Thompson (2.8 Richter)
Mar/May 1995 Winter Ice Storm & Flooding -- (FEMA-1052-DR-SD) The entire state has had above normal precipitation from January through May, ranging from about 1-2 inches above in the SW to 5-9 inches above in the east. This is up to 200% of normal. Many official reporting stations such as Huron, Mitchell, and Sioux Falls, experienced the all-time wettest Spring on record. This is also likely the case for a large portion of central and eastern SD. Most damage to public facilities was caused by ground saturation and flooding due to very high residual groundwater tables from 1994, heavy winter snow and spring rain, and rapid snowmelt. Many roads were under water or unusable due to high groundwater saturation of the subgrade, causing interruption of emergency services. Damage also included power transmission and distribution facilities owned by rural electric cooperatives. Preliminary damage surveys identified over 3,000 homes with some type of damage. The vast majority of damage was from groundwater seepage of 1-3 inches of water into basements. In many areas the water table rose to near land surface levels, saturating septic drain fields and preventing proper treatment of residential sewage. Also identified during the preliminary damage surveys was $9.3 million in damages to infrastructure of public facilities. Roads & Bridges and Utilities were the two highest categories with almost $5.7 million and $2.6 million in estimated damages, respectively. Federal aid system roads received $7.1 million in damages.
Jan/Feb 1995 Winter Ice Storm -- (FEMA-1045-DR-SD) Damage to electric power lines in 21 counties was caused by an unusually foggy January weather. Continuous fog in many areas resulted in a heavy crust of ice forming on many of the powerlines in central South Dakota. The fog-crust was reported to be from 3-5 inches in diameter. The addition of high winds caused power poles to snap. Deep drifts of snow made it difficult for power company linemen to gain access to the damaged power lines and in many areas county snow removal equipment was required to provide access. According to reports submitted, 13,435 households were without electric power for varying periods of time. The maximum time without power was 12 days. Early damage reports indicated that damages would exceed $3,218,126. More than 1700 power poles had to be replaced.
1994 Wildfires -- 201 fires burning 2,663 acres [includes Stagebarn Canyon].
Aug 15, 1994 Wildfire -- Stagebarn Canyon near Indian Hills subdivision NW of Rapid City (FEMA-SD-2109-FSA). Fire started by lightening. 112 acres burned; cost in excess of $159,000.
Mar 18, 1994 Earthquake -- Intensity III --- Hot Springs (2.8 Richter)

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